Chapter 22pg (1087-1119)

         In the 1900, European colonial empires in Africa and Asia appeared as permanent features of the world's political landscape. the period from the mid 1950s through the mid 1970s was the age of African independence as colony after colony, more than fifty in total emerged into what seen as the bright light of freedom. At the international level, the world wars had weakened Europe, while discrediting any sense of European moral superiority.

Comparing Freedom Struggles
     
        Two of the most extended freedom struggles in India and in South Africa illustrate both the variations and the complexity of the process, which was so central to 20th century world history. India was among the first colonies to achieve independence and provided both a model and an inspiration to others,whereas South Africa, though not formally a colony was among the last to throw off political domination by whites.

The Case of India:Ending British Rule 

        British never assimilated into Indian society because their acute sense of racial and cultural distinctiveness kept them apart. British railroads, telegraph lines, postal services, administrative networks, newspaper, and schools as well. The English language bounded India's many regions and peoples together more firmly and facilitated communications.

CHapter 21(pg 1035-1068)

   Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict
       
      Modern communism found its political and philosophical roots in 19th century European socialism, inspired by the teachings of Karl Marx. By then1970s, almost one-third of the world's population lived in societies governed by communist regimes. Not just Russia was under communist rule. In Vietnam, a much more locally communist movement, under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh had a social vision on how the country should be ruled. During the Cold War ( Russia Soviet Union), the Warsaw Pact brought the soviet Union and Eastern Europe communist states together in a military alliance was designed to fight against the NATO alliance ( western capitalist countries).

  China: A Prolonged Revolutionary Struggle
       For 28 years, that small party, with an initial membership of only six people, grew, transformed its tragedy and found a leader that lead wars and won battles. Many Chinese peasants were treated unfairly. The Chinese tried to rise up against their land lords. However years of guerrilla warfare, experiments with land reform in areas under communist control, and the creation of a communist military force to protect liberated areas slowly gained for the CCP a growing measure of respect and support among China's peasants.

  The Soviet Union: The Collapse of Communism and Country 
       Gorbachev was the leader of Russia during the collapse. China's booming economy, the Soviet Union spun into a sharp decline as its planned economy was dismantled before a functioning market-based system. Unlike Chinese peasants, few soviet farmers were willing to risk the jump into private farming, and new foreign investors found the Soviet Union a tempting place to do business. A brief and unsuccessful attempt to restore the old order through a military coup in August 1999 but triggered end of the Soviet Union.

Chapter 20 (pg973-1017)

         The "Great War" was known as the First World War. Europe had assumed an increasingly prominent position on the global stage, driven by its growing military capacity and the marvels of its scientific and industrial revolution. Few could have imagined that is "proud power" of European dominance would lie shattered less than a half century later. The starting point in that unraveling was the First World War. Since the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, a fragile and fluctuating balance of power had generally maintained the peace among Europe's major countries. The war broke out due to archduke's assasination prolonged the conflict. 

Legacies of the Great War

         In the late summer of 1914 was war was suppose to end by Christmas but it lasted for four years. Extended battles lasting months such as those at Verdum and the Somme in France generated causalities of a million or more each, as the Destructive potential of Industrialized warfare made itself  tragically felt. The German state, for example, assumed such control over the economy that its policies became known as "war socialism". Vast propaganda campaigns sought to arouse citizens by depicting a cruel and inhuman enemy who killed innocent children. Labor unions agreed to suspend strikes and accept sacrifices for the common good, while women, replacing the men who had left the factories for the battlefront.

         If World War 1 represented the political collapse of Europe, this catastrophic downturn suggested that Western capitalism was likewise failing. During the 19th century, the economic system had spurred the most substantial economic growth in world history. Much of Europe's worldwide empires had globalized the Great War, its economic linkages globalized the Great Depression. Countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products were especially hard hit. The Great depression also sharply challenged the governments of industrialized capitalist countries, which generally had believed that the economy would regulate itself through the market. 

         The modern history of Japan parallel that Italy and Germany. All three were newcomers to great  power status, with Japan joining the club of industrilized and empir-building states only in the late 19th century. 

Chapter 19 pg(931-957) and chapter 19 documents(958-971)

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       China was among the countries that confronted an aggressive and industrialized West while maintaining its formal independence. Many rival countries in Europe were out to get China. China had an immense military and political ambitions, they became enmeshed in networks of trade, investment, and sometimes migration that arose from an industrializing and capitalist economy. Chinese authorities had strictly controlled and limited the activities of European missionaries and merchants. But by 1912 China's long establishing imperial state had collapse and the country had been transformed from a central presence in the economy to a weak and dependent participant in a European dominated world system, which was great Britain. The uprising of the Taiping revolution movement demonstrated ambivalence about equality for women. After a few civil wars China was no longer the center of civilization to which barbarians paid tribute, it was just a weak and  dependent nation . The Qing dynasty remained in power but in a weakened condition. Chinese business men mostly served foreign firms, rather than developing as an independent capitalist class capable of leading China's own industrial revolution.
      Economically, the Ottoman and Arab lands in Afroeurasia commerce diminished as Europeans achieved direct oceanic access to the treasures of Asia. In 1876 Ottomans experienced a short lived victory when the they accepted a consitiution and an elected parliament, but not for long. I don't understand the Menji restoration, what did it mean? (*read more on it)  Japan was brought into the picture of modernization and how it began civilization and enlightenment. Most of Japan's workers during the industrial relovution lived in factory-provided dormitories, many committed suicide because many worked long hours and were paid unfair wages.

Chapter 18 (879-912) & pg(922-929)

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World history

                                      Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa

          Millions of Africans and Asians were ruled by the British, French, Germans, Italians, Belgians,  or Americans. The enormous productivity of industrial technology and Europe's growing affluence created need for extensive raw materials and agriculture production. Industrial capitalism produced more goods and people could barely afford it. For example the the 1840 Britain was exporting 60percent cotton -cloth production, annually sending 200 million yards to Europe, 300 million yards to Latin America and 145 to india. After 1875  most of the production came from British, French, or even Germany hands. By the 16 and 17th century the Europeans had taken much of the Americas and other continents. Europeans had to fight, often long and hard, to create their new empires.
the Hindus were controlled by a powerful group call the Mughal empire. The fragmentation of the Mughal empire and the absence of any overall sense of cultural or political unity both invited and facilitated European penetration. In Asia the country of Japan was also colonizing small islands of the Atlantic ocean. Many Europeans were racist and had strict rules for foreigners.
          The centerpiece of Europe's global expansion during the 19th century occurred in the so-called content of Africa. Europeans countries divided up almost the entire content of Africa into colonial territories. As the Atlantic Slave Trade diminished over the course of the 19th century as well, Europeans began to look at Africa in new ways as a source of raw materials and as an opportunity for investment, as a market for industrial production. Scholars have argued that the scramble for Africa was driven less by concrete economic interests that by emotional, even romantic notions of personal adventure. While the scramble for Arica was happening the Europeans discovered Ethiopia, which helped boost Christian culture, literate elite, and rich agricultural resources. While the scramble Ethiopia also had an absolute monarchy government which led the Europeans to fight a gruesome battle. The Ethiopians fought the Italians and they won after that they got their Independence from the Europeans.

Chapter 17 pg(862-877)

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2/25/16

         
         The experience of an English Factory worker was very hard. Workers were wage earners, dependent on a modest and uncertain income. A women working in the factory named Elizabeth Bently testified to get workers less hours and she accomplished her task. The hours of an employment were limited for women and children. Weaving was also common during the industrial revolution. Many individual weavers had to sell their looms to the larger manufactures who were organizing more efficient productions in factories. Many weavers were given unfair hours in the factories. A man named Samuel Smiles wrote a book on the industrial revolution and factories called Thrift. Samuel reflected a middle-class response to the Industrial Revolution. A new factory working class was formed and his name was Karl Marx. Marx was born to a wealthy middle class family in Germany and became a radical intellectual and journalist. Marx pursued both a political life devoted to organizing workers for revolution and for world history. He also studied the evolution of capitalism. Marx provided the dead that informed much of European socialism in the 19th century.

Chapter 17 (pg 827-861)

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2/22/16

          Global energy demands began to push against the existing local and regional ecological limits. The Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the earlier reliance on the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water, wood, and the muscle power of peopled animals. Europe and Britain were ahead of the world, coal fired steam engine was made, which provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power. It can be used to drive a number of machines and ships. In the 20th century the Industrial Revolution became global as a number of Asian, African, and Latin American countries developed substance; industrial sectors. By the 18th century, major Western Europe societies were highly commercialized and governed by states generally supportive of private commerce. On their way to capitalist economies( buying and selling ). Great Britain was doing the best in the Industrial Revolution, many railroads were built. The middle class  benefited more from the Industrial revolution as well. The laboring class was overwhelming. The cities were vastly overcrowded and smokey, with poor sanitation. In the 18th century the life expectancy for England was only 40 years old. American Industrialization began in the textile factories of New England during the 1820sbut grew after the civil war. U.S was able to use funds to have an independent Industrial Revolution. The US government played an important role, though less directly than in Germany or Japan. Tax breaks, huge grants of public land to the railroad companies, laws enabling of industry.